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Cumulative Flow Diagram (CFD)

A Cumulative Flow Diagram is a visual chart that summarizes and monitors project flow by showing how many work items are in each workflow state over time. It provides a quick snapshot of overall progress at a given point and is mainly used for higher-level project or release status, not day-to-day sprint updates.

Key Points

  • Displays cumulative counts of items in each state (e.g., To Do, In Progress, Done) as stacked bands over time.
  • Reveals flow health by highlighting WIP levels, throughput trends, and lead time patterns.
  • Widening bands indicate bottlenecks; smooth, parallel bands suggest stable flow.
  • Best for project or release oversight and forecasting, rather than daily sprint tracking.

Example

A Kanban team tracks To Do, In Progress, Review, and Done on a CFD updated weekly. Mid-release, the Review band widens while Done flattens, signaling a bottleneck in reviews. The team adds a reviewer and sets a WIP limit on In Progress. Over the next two weeks the Review band stabilizes and throughput improves, allowing the team to forecast the release date with greater confidence.

PMP Example Question

Which tool should an agile project manager use to visualize cumulative work across workflow states and detect bottlenecks at the project level?

  1. Cumulative Flow Diagram
  2. Sprint Burndown Chart
  3. Velocity Chart
  4. Precedence Network Diagram

Correct Answer: A — Cumulative Flow Diagram

Explanation: A CFD shows cumulative counts of items in each state over time, making bottlenecks and flow stability visible at a higher level.

ICS/OT Cybersecurity Fundamentals — Security Built for Industrial Systems

Industrial control systems cannot be secured like ordinary IT. A forced reboot, aggressive scan, or incompatible patch can interrupt production and create real safety consequences. Effective OT security begins with understanding the systems, constraints, and risks unique to industrial environments.

This course gives IT professionals, engineers, operators, and security practitioners a practical foundation in ICS threats, zone and conduit design, risk assessment, passive asset visibility, and vendor evaluation. You will learn how IEC 62443, NIST CSF, and MITRE ATT&CK for ICS apply where availability and safety come first.

Eight reconstructed incidents—including Stuxnet, Triton, Ukraine 2015, Colonial Pipeline, and PIPEDREAM—show how attackers move through OT environments, what they target, and which defenses could have changed the outcome.

Watch the course preview, then build the vocabulary, frameworks, and judgment needed to take credible first steps in ICS/OT cybersecurity.

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